Items 1 and 2 are based on the following:

Under the liability provisions of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, a CPA may be liable to any purchaser of a security for certifying materially misstated financial statements that are included in the security’s registration statement.

Under Section 11, a CPA usually will not be liable to the purchaser

  1. If the purchaser is contributorily negligent.
  2. If the CPA can prove due diligence.
  3. Unless the purchaser can prove privity with the CPA.
  4. Unless the purchaser can prove scienter on the part of the CPA.

Under Section 11, which of the following must be proven by a purchaser of the security?

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Reliance on the financial statements

Fraud by the CPA

a.

Yes

Yes

b.

Yes

No

c.

No

Yes

d.

No

No