(Committed vs. discretionary costs; writing) A list of committed and discretionary costs follows.

Annual audit fees

Internal audit salaries

Annual report preparation and printing

Marketing research

Building flood insurance

Preventive maintenance

Charitable contributions

Property taxes

Corporate advertising

Quality control inspection

Employee continuing education

Research and development salaries

Equipment depreciation

Research and development supplies

Interest on bonds payable

Secretarial pool salaries

a. Classify each of these costs as normally being either committed (C) or discretionary (D).

b. Which of these costs can be either committed or discretionary based on management philosophy?

c. For the expenses marked discretionary in (a), provide a monetary or nonmonetary surrogate output measure. For each output measure, briefly discuss any objections that could be raised to it.